Week 5 Case Study Interpersonal Communications Essay

Name: Betty Renteria Submittal Date: 9/01/13 Course Number and Section Week 5 Case Study Questions #1.) Relationships are dictated by the use of power of one or both individuals. What are the various forms of power and which type of power does Coach Johnson have with his team? The types of power are: interpersonal power , legitimate, referent power , expert power , reward power , coercive power. I believe Coach Johnson has coercive and legitimate power. #2.) A turning point is a specific event or interaction that is associated with positive or negative changes in a relationship. In your opinion, what is the turning point for Gilbert in the initial situation? Do you think that is the same turning point for Coach Johnson? What†¦show more content†¦How would you apply the social exchange theory to the case study? The social exchange theory is a theory that claims people make relationship decisions by assessing and comparing the costs and reward. Rewards are the positive outcomes we receive by being in the relationship, including friendship and love, fun and laughter, money or favors, support and assistance, and confirmation of our value. Costs are the negative outcomes that reflect a loss, such as loss of time, loss of freedom, financial loss, denigration of our self-esteem, and even psychological or physical abuse. I would apply the social exchange theory in this case study that the reward is Gilbert being/maintaining the star athlete and the costs is Coach Johnsons expectations and Gilberts attitude. #5.) How does attitude – both verbally and non-verbally communicated – affect the long-term relationship? Given the scenario path you choose, what might Gilbert do to change his attitude and get back in line with Coach Johnson and the team? Attitude that is communicated affects long-term relationships because it builds expectations. Non-verbal communication can speak louder than words since negativity can be visualized even stronger when nothing is being said. Verbal communication affects long-term relationships by providing clarity to conversations. With the path I chose, Gilbert should have tried harder during practice instead of bad mouthing the coach to his friends.Show MoreRelatedCommunication As A Communication Tool1043 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction to the Topic The assigned reading for forum 5 discussed interpersonal and organizational communication channels in the workplace. The different types of communication are oral communication, formal written communication, non-verbal communication, and presentations. Satterlee (2013) shows the communication process to involve a sender, a receiver, meaning, encoding, the message transmittal, a channel, decoding, interpreting, and feedback. 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Extra Sensory Perception Essay - 1217 Words

Extra Sensory Perception Have you ever had the feeling that youve been in an establishment before youve actually gone inside? Did you ever feel like youve known that something was about to happen before there were any signs that it was about to occur? If youre not a skeptic about the powers of the mind, then there might just be an explanation for your seemingly coincidental premonitions. Its a phenomenon called extra sensory perception, better known as ESP. The textbook definition of this classification of parapsychology is sensing anything beyond the normal.(www.paranormalatoz.com) Most scientists do not believe that this phenomenon exists. Nevertheless, controversial evidence can be used to sway the incredulous. By viewing and†¦show more content†¦The actual term extra sensory perception wasnt used until the early 1930s. During this time an American scientist, Joseph Banks Rhine first began his ground breaking experiments testing ESPs validity.(Encarta) His research was conducted at the Parapsycho logy Laboratory of North Carolinas, Duke University.(Encarta) Rhines most well-known experiment involved a deck of twenty-five cards. On the cards, written in heavy black ink, each card had a different design on them. The designs included a star, a cross, a square, or wavy lines.(Encarta) The concealed deck of twenty-five cards was shuffled. One random card was drawn from the deck at a time and the test subject was asked to identify the hidden marking on the flip-side of the card. If the test subject correctly identified five out of twenty five cards correctly, it was considered pure chance.(Encarta) Rhine and his associates concluded that if the individual named six out of ten of the cards correctly, then indeed the test subject possessed extra sensory perception.(Encarta) From his experimentally proved evidence, it can easily be seen which stand Rhine took on the controversial existence of ESP. However, not all scientists had acknowledged the authenticity of his trials and the leg itimacy of this branch of pseudo-science called parapsychology. Certain scientists do not believe in the reality of extrasensory perception due to their lack of faith in the experiments that test itsShow MoreRelatedEssay ESP - Extra Sensory Perception2127 Words   |  9 Pagesdays before the twin towers of Manhattan collapse. (2) What is going on here? Extrasensory perception. 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This experiment, in conclusion, has showed me that extra-sensory perception could be a reality. Unfortunately, I did not gather enough information from the one experiment to conclude that extra-sensory perception is, for a fact, reality. I have also concludedRead MoreFamily Health Assessment1539 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Æ' Family Health Assessment Family health assessment is a great tool to utilize to develop health care plans for the individual family. There are many cultural beliefs and values shared by family members that influence their health perception. Gordon’s functional health assessment is used for a comprehensive nursing data base collection of the family unit using both subjective and objective data. Gordon’s functional health assessment is a holistic approach describing the individual’s biopsychosocial-spiritualRead MoreI Can Identify A Self1145 Words   |  5 Pagesto ‘self’ is one perception after another. 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Patient’s Impression On Assessments Exhibits Cushing’s Syndrome

Question: Discuss about the Patients Impression On Assessments Exhibits Cushings Syndrome. Answer: Introduction The case study review entails a female Patient, Smith Moureen aged 24 years. She is experiencing gastrointestinal bleeding, abdominal pain and fatigue which are worsening. The patient has a history of rheumatoid arthritis and is currently under corticosteroids medication. Further, she has type II diabetes and she is on metformin medication for the same. On admission various vital information have been undertaken and the patients impression on assessments exhibits Cushings syndrome. Causes of Cushings syndrome Cushing syndrome is a collection of various signs and symptoms caused by prolonged exposure of cortisol drug. Accompanying symptoms include high blood pressure, abdominal obesity characterised by slender arms and legs, fat lumps observed on the shoulders and skin which is fragile which is occasioned by poor healing process. Women have been observed to have more hair growth and abnormal menstruation periods. There can also be occasioned headaches and feeling of tiredness, (Bertagna et al, 2009). Cushing syndrome is caused by excessive cortisol related drugs like prednisone or tissue growth which leads to excessive production of cortisol in the adrenal glands. The functions of cortisol in the body include regulation of blood pressure, reducing the immune system response on inflammatory system, conversion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats into energy form, regulation of insulin effects and stress response, (Melmed et al, 2011). The body can be induced to produce elevated levels of cortisol based on factors such as stress levels, alcoholism, malnutrition and depression. Thus the most common causes of Cushing disease is the excessive use of corticosteroid and maintenance of high doses for longer durations, (Jeffcoate et al, 1979). Incidences of Cushing syndrome The incidences of Cushing syndrome have been imprecise and are likely to be under estimated. Pituitary ACTH Cushing syndrome is approximately 5-6 times common than other forms caused by benign or malignant tumours, (Govindan et al, 2006). The epidemiologic reports indicate that there are approximately 5-25 per million cases per year, however with this statistics, the reported cases are much lower at 1.2-2.4 per million in any given year, (James et al, 2016). The associative prevalence of hypercortisolinism has been estimated to be around 2%-5% among patients with poor control and management of diabetes and hypertension. The female gender has high prevalence to the male gender in the ratio of 3:1, (Melmed et al, 2011). Cushing syndrome is a rare disease among children. the disease is fatal as it can cause death and increased morbidity and mortality rate which is characterised by cardiovascular complications,(Steffensen et al, 2010). In US, studies have estimated that the incidence was higher than those reported form European based studies. The results indicated that it affected an estimate of 6.2 to 7.6 per million persons- years, (Broder et al, 2015). Risks factors Cushing syndrome risks factors are well established; however epidemiological studies have diagnosed more females than males. Further it is common among the age group of 25 years to 40 years. The common risks factors for the disease are; Type diabetes, obesity and fluctuating blood glucose levels Long term usage of corticosteroid drugs Pituitary gland tumours Adrenal gland disease and Ectopic ACTH forms of secreting tumours Impacts on the patient and family Cushing disease has tremendous effects on the patients and the family. Weight management of the patients is affected and further it deteriorates the health status of the patients through increased mortality and morbidity. The patients often experience sudden increase in weight, poor wound management, prolong fatigue, anxiety disorders, emotional disturbances, sleep disorders, experiencing menstrual irregularities. These impacts have enormous effects on psychological and emotional disturbance on the patients and their families. The patients often feel increasing signs of sickness but symptoms seem like depression or hypochondriac lacking diet and exercise fitness. Further often the family; dont understand the situation the patient is undergoing and support your getting is just to advise you to change the lifestyle, further deteriorating the impact on the patient. Signs and symptoms Sign and symptom Path physiology linkage Rapid weight gain - The patients often experience weight gain on the trunk locations and face areas. It is often characterised by growth of fat pads on the back and the neck side of the body, (Assie et al., 2007). Memory and attention dysfunction - This commonly characterised by depression which is often linked to elevated usage of cortisol medication in the body. Further it is compounded by anxiety disorders and depression symptoms, (Clayton et al, 2011). High blood pressure and increased urination - With the effect and functionality of cortisol on epinephrine vasoconstriction, (Clayton et al 2011). Insulin resistance - This is associated with production of ACTH outside pituitary gland. This leads to diabetes mellitus and resistance to insulin. Gastrointestinal disturbance - This is characterised by increased cortisol, further it can lead to mergence of opportunistic infections and suppression of immunity, (Cavagnini Pecori 2001). - Linked to patient BMI status which at the level of obesity class three with fat distribution based on the abdominal area and hump shoulders. - The patient is exhibiting increased fatigue which could be linked to attention dysfunction and anxiety leading to fatigueless. - Vital assessments of the patients indicate elevated levels of blood pressure of 154/106 mmHg against a normal Bp of ranges of 120/80-140/90 - The blood sugar level for the patient is 14.0mmol/L, way above the standard ranges, and signifying resistance to metformin medication. - The patient exhibits gastrointestinal bleeding and abdominal pain. Medication for Cushing syndrome management The role of medication is to decrease the secretion of cortisol and blockage of receptors of glucocorticoids and inhibition of ACTH. The various classes of these drugs are; Steroid genesis inhibitors OpDDD drugs are aimed at reducing the cleavage around cholesterol. It inhibits cortisol secretion among patients with Cushing syndrome. It is effective in half of the patients and has been shown to induce adrenal atrophy, (Castinetti et al., 2008). Another drug inhibitor drug is Ketaconazole which inhibits production of cytochrome p450 enzymes. It normalizes the levels of cortisols, (Castinetti et al., 2008). Metyrapone drug blocks the synthesis of cortisol through inhibiting beta hydroxylase. It is effective in more than 50% of the patients, it further induces low production of potassium and hyperandrogenism, (Obinata et al, 2008). Glucocorticoid receptor antagonist drugs Mifepristone drug is a receptor antagonist drug under this class. It is effective clinical signs control in hypercortisolism, (Castinetti et al., 2009). ACTH lowering drugs The drugs under this class are effective anti secretory and anti tumoral in prolactinomas disease. Nursing Care strategies for the patient Monitoring and management of associative complications In the first 24 hours, there is need for management of adrenal hypofunction, which calls for close monitoring for weak pulse, respiratory rates and body weakness. There is need for administration of IV fluids to the patient and management of electrolytes and presence of corticosteroids, before and after treatment. Further close monitoring of lab results to check statuses of electrolytes is key for the patient. Further since the patient is diabetic, there is need for close monitoring of blood glucose levels and taking appropriate actions towards increase in blood sugar levels. Further there is need for close monitoring for acute adrenal condition, which is a life threatening condition characterised by low levels of cortisol hormone from adrenal glands. Monitoring the intake and output of the patient is key in ensuring daily weights and glucose levels and accurate assessment of electrolytes. Urine sample tests will be initiated at 24 hours before medication. Blood samples assessment ensures there is regular management of the hormone levels for the patient. Normal levels cortisol in both urine and blood needs to drop after initiation of medication, since the drug initiates signal on pituitary gland to lower levels of Adrenocorticotropic hormone. Assessment of late night corticosol in saliva is key in ensuring there is sufficient production. The level of cortisols at night normally drops and this might be an indicator for corticosol production management which may require further diagnosis. Decreasing risk of injury As a nurse there is need for providing protective environment for the patient to prevent any fall, fracture and other injuries which are linked to bones and body tissues. Further there is need to assist the patient, as he is weak in ambulation and to ensure that there is prevention of falls. Reduction of risk of infection There is need to ensure that the patient is kept in an unexposed environment which might lead to infections. As a nurse, there is need to assess subtle infections. In case the patient has been scheduled for surgery in the first 24 hours, there is need to monitor frequently the blood sugar levels and managing it and stool assessments for diabetes mellitus and peptic ulcers which are predominant problems associated with. References Assi, G., Bahurel, H., Coste, J., Silvera, S., Kujas, M., Dugu, M. A., ... Bertagna, X. (2007). Corticotroph tumor progression after adrenalectomy in Cushings disease: a reappraisal of Nelsons syndrome. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism, 92(1), 172-179. Bertagna, X., Guignat, L., Groussin, L., Bertherat, J. (2009). Cushing's disease. Best Practice Research Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism, 23(5), 607-623. Broder, M. S., Neary, M. P., Chang, E., Cherepanov, D., Ludlam, W. H. (2015). Incidence of Cushings syndrome and Cushings disease in commercially-insured patients 65 years old in the United States. Pituitary, 18(3), 283-289. Castinetti, F., Fassnacht, M., Johanssen, S., Terzolo, M., Bouchard, P., Chanson, P., ... Young, J. (2009). Merits and pitfalls of mifepristone in Cushing's syndrome. European journal of endocrinology, 160(6), 1003-1010. Castinetti, F., Morange, I., Jaquet, P., Conte-Devolx, B., Brue, T. (2008). Ketoconazole revisited: a preoperative or postoperative treatment in Cushing's disease. European Journal of Endocrinology, 158(1), 91-99. Cavagnini, F., Pecori, F. G. (2001, April). Epidemiology and follow-up of Cushing's disease. In Annales d'endocrinologie (Vol. 62, No. 2, pp. 168-172). Clayton, R. N., Raskauskiene, D., Reulen, R. C., Jones, P. W. (2011). Mortality and morbidity in Cushing's disease over 50 years in Stoke-on-Trent, UK: audit and meta-analysis of literature. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism, 96(3), 632-642. Govindan, R., Page, N., Morgensztern, D., Read, W., Tierney, R., Vlahiotis, A., ... Piccirillo, J. (2006). Changing epidemiology of small-cell lung cancer in the United States over the last 30 years: analysis of the surveillance, epidemiologic, and end results database. Journal of clinical oncology, 24(28), 4539-4544. James, B. C., Aschebrook-Kilfoy, B., Cipriani, N., Kaplan, E. L., Angelos, P., Grogan, R. H. (2016). The incidence and survival of rare cancers of the Thyroid, Parathyroid, adrenal, and Pancreas. Annals of surgical oncology, 23(2), 424-433. Jeffcoate, W. J., Silverstone, J. T., Edwards, C. R. W., Besser, G. M. (1979). Psychiatric manifestations of Cushing's syndrome: response to lowering of plasma cortisol. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 48(3), 465-472. Melmed, S., Polonsky, K. S., Larsen, P. R., Kronenberg, H. M. (1897). Williams Textbook of Endocrinology, 2011. Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia. Melmed, S., Polonsky, K. S., Larsen, P. R., Kronenberg, H. M. (1897). Williams Textbook of Endocrinology, 2011. Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia. Obinata, D., Yamaguchi, K., Hirano, D., Yoshida, T., Soma, M., Takahashi, S. (2008). Preoperative management of Cushing's syndrome with metyrapone for severe psychiatric disturbances. International journal of urology, 15(4), 361-362. Steffensen C, Bak AM, Rubeck KZ, Jorgensen JO: Epidemiology of Cushing's syndrome. Neuroendocrinology. 2010, 92 (Suppl 1): 1-5.

Kohlbergs Moral Development Concept

Table of Contents Introduction Kohlberg’s Moral Development Concept Childhood Adolescence Adulthood Conclusion References Introduction The lives of human beings are marked by milestones throughout the time they are alive. These milestones are marked by changes in both the biological and psychological processes that have been beforehand studied by psychologists. Early psychologists came up with theories that expound on the developmental differences across the lifespan of human beings; notable being Sigmund Freud.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Kohlberg’s Moral Development Concept specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He is deemed as the father of psychoanalysis since he influenced psychologists into thinking deeper into the development differences. Freud is renowned for finding a sexual cause to most psychological problems, and some psychologists like Erikson agreed with this school of thought, othe rs like Kohlberg felt there were other developmental differences. Kohlberg developed the moral development theory looking at the progress made in the development. His theories on the development of the morals contributed to contemporary psychologists’ researches in using variables that may affect the moral development theory (Kenyon, 2009). This paper looks into the process of moral development as explained by Kohlberg’s theory. Kohlberg’s Moral Development Concept The moral development theory that Kohlberg came up with was based on creating a moral dilemma and asking people’s opinion on the justification of the acts. In his theory, the analogy he used frequently was the story of a man who broke into the shop of a druggist that had discovered a drug that could cure his wife’s cancer. In Kohlberg’s theory, he asks if the act of breaking into the store is right or wrong. He asks if the husband’s acts are justified by the fact that he lo ved his wife so much that he would do anything to ensure she lived. He states that the primary objective of humanity is preserving the life of human beings (Shaffer and Kipp, 2009). The strength of his theory lies in being able to classify the moral development process into stages that show how development progresses. He also introduces the three stages of moral development progress, the first being the pre-conventional stage. In this stage, he explains that the moral reasoning is from an egocentric point of view as will be discussed further in this paper. The second is the conventional stage where the moral argument is based on role taking abilities to determine what is right and what is wrong. The third stage is the post-conventional where moral reasoning requires formal operations (Kenyon, 2009). Kohlberg theory shows a continuous view of development with each stage giving way for another stage in the process. This is continuous because, in every stage of the moral development, t he moral reasoning changes to become increasingly complex over the years. Childhood This is the first stage of the developmental process in the life of a human being at 0 years top about 6years. It is characterized by Cognition where the brain goes through extensive changes as they learn things around their environment (Sigelman and Rider, 2008). This stage is also characterized by self regulation where the child learns how to stop doing some things in public such as fondling their private parts.Advertising Looking for report on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moral reasoning of the child is determined by his or her response to cultural norms, interpreted by the physical consequences of the action. During the egocentric judgment, the child has no concept of rules and thus judges what is right on what he enjoys doing and the wrong on that which hurts him. Another stage described by Kohlberg includes the punishment a nd obedience orientation, signifying the goodness or severity of an action is determined by the physical consequence of the action. There are factors that influence the progress of the developmental process, habitually classified as hereditary and environmental. The hereditary factors include prenatal defects that may affect adversely the child’s cognitive growth and hence its moral development. An example of environmental factors is the diet or a disease that stunts the child’s growth process, making it have problems in the process of moral development since they fail to relate with the cultural rules. Adolescence This stage is among those which most people rarely tackle efficiently, since it is marked with extremities of emotions and attitude as the adolescents try to define and adapt themselves. The stage sets in at age 10 to about 14 years on average. It is characterized by a growth spurt that is marked in height and size of the person, as well as hormonal changes that bring out a young woman or man. This stage also shows an increased ability to use abstract thoughts. The adolescents start to recognize the preservation of the expectations of his family as precious regardless of the instantaneous consequences. This stage enforces conformity and loyalty to personal expectations and social order among societies (Newman and Newman, 2008). This is the conventional level, and it constitutes two levels. The first is the interpersonal concordance orientation, which justifies the correct action as that which is widely accepted in the societal context. In this stage of orientation, the behavior is normally judged by the intention of the person. The second stage of this level is law and order orientation, where the individual is oriented into respecting the authority as part of right behavior (Kenyon, 2006). Similar to the childhood stage, the moral development process in this stage is influenced the hereditary factors that were established at the child hood level. Impairments such as mental disorders may inhibit an individual’s ability to abide by the social norms. Other related factors include environmental attributes such as the company that an individual keeps, owing to how it appreciably determines the conformity level of the individual. Adulthood This stage is marked from an average age of 20 years to about 50 years of the human life span. It is characterized by an ability to initiate intrinsic motivation to carry out duties. It is also marked by a heavy sense of responsibility, and the person experiences a sense of autonomy (Newman and Newman, 2008). In this stage, the adults have reached the Post–Conventional or Principled Level where the individual strive to determine ethics accepted in the societal context, distinct from the association of the individual with the group.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Kohlberg’s Moral Development Concept specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The hereditary influences on the process of growth include genetically inherited diseases such as diabetes, which may cloud a person’s judgement on what is justified or wrong. There are other environmental factors that influence the growth process such as the work place. This may be strenuous and may eventually cause psychotic disorders, affecting the person’s judgment. Conclusion In the discussion of the different developmental stages, it is clear that social interaction and cultural norms plays a pivotal role in moral growth processes of human beings. Kohlberg’s theory proves to be correct since for wholesome development of human beings, the moral aspect needs to be fully developed in order to ensure a socially balanced community. In the childhood stage, the person experiences egocentric judgment that involves judging acts as right or wrong according to how they make him feel. This gradually grows into the conventional level at adolescence where the individual resorts to conformity. It happens as the individual seeks approval from the other people. In adulthood, individuals make an effort to define moral more clearly. References Kenyon, R. (2009). Stages of Moral Development. Xenodochy.org. Retrieved from: http://www.xenodochy.org/ex/lists/moraldev.html Lerner, R. (2002). Concepts and Theories of Human Development. New York: Routledge. Newman, B., and Newman, P. (2008). Development through Life: A Psychological Approach. London: Cengage Learning. Shaffer, D. and Kipp, K. (2009). Developmental Psychology: Childhood and Adolescence. London: Cengage Learning.Advertising Looking for report on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Sigelman, C., and Rider, E. (2008). Life-Span Human Development. London: Cengage Learning. This report on Kohlberg’s Moral Development Concept was written and submitted by user Nelson Madden to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.